SMAD2 is an intracellular protein belonging to the Dwarfin (DWA:B):SMAD family. SMAD2 associates with SMAD4 for translocation to nucleus. It acts as an intracellular mediator of TGFbeta family of cytokines and activin type 1 receptor (ACVR1C). Hence it regulates multiple cellular processes like cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and also cooperates with transcription factors to regulate expression of defined genes. Apart from playing an important role in TGFbeta1-induced CTGF expression they also act as markers of EMT in human PTECs. It also acts as an integrator of multiple signals in the regulation of NOS3 expression. It is ubiquitously expressed in most of the tissues and is responsible for colorectal, hepatocellular, lung and breast carcinomas as well as cervical cancer.