SMAD1 is also known Mothers Against Decapentaplegic homolog 1, Mothers against DPP homolog 1, hSMAD-3, JV4-1, Transforming growth factor-Beta- Signaling Protein 1 or BSP1. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. SMAD1, as a transcriptional modulator, is activated by BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) type 1 receptor kinase (it is a receptor-regulated SMAD or R-SMAD). BMPs are involved in a range of biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis, morphogenesis, development and immune responses. SMAD proteins have been implicated as downstream effectors of TGF beta/BMP signaling. In response to BMP ligands, SMAD1 can be phosphorylated (other sites besides the most prominent of S206, are S187, S195, and S214). S-206 is phosphorylated by ERK in response to mitogenic growth factors, or by recombinant ERK in vitro; this can be tested by treating cells with EGF or in cancer cells where Ras is activated. The phosphorylated form of this protein forms a complex with SMAD4, which is important for its function in the transcription regulation. This protein is also a target for SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as SMURF1 and SMURF2, and undergoes ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation.
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