CD46, also designated membrane cofactor protein, is a 45-70kD protein with genetic and tissue-specific heterogeneity. It is expressed on every cell and tissue, with the exception of erythrocytes. CD46 serves to down-regulate the activation of complement on host tissue. It performs this function by serving as a cofactor which binds to C3b and C4b. This binding is permitted by factor I, a serine protease of plasma, to degrade C3b and C4b and serves to protect the host cell against autologous attack. It also serves as a receptor for measles virus. Four isoforms of CD46 predominate and arise by alternative splicing of a single CD46 gene. The isoforms differ in the length. CD46 cDNA encodes a signal sequence followed by four complement control protein domains (also called short consensus repeats (SCR)).
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