Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28 amino acid peptide (human, chr 6q26-q27). Expressed and secreted by neurons innervating primary and secondary immune organs such as lymph nodes with a Mol.wt of 20kD. VIP is a potent neurotrophic factor causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure, and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder. VIP also modulates several T-lymphocyte activities including motility, cytokine production, proliferation and apoptosis, VIP exerts its biological activity by binding to two closely related class II G-protein-coupled receptors VPAC-1 and VPAC-2 beside this VIP has its own receptors VIPR1&2 (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Receptor 1&2) and VIPRRP (VIP receptor-gene repressor protein). VIP shows similarities to glucagon, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) as such it has been considered a member of the glucagon-secretin family.
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