Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is the mammalian homologue of STC, which was originally identified as a calcium/phosphate -regulating hormone in bony fishes. In contrast, STC1 may play an autocrine and paracrine role with pleiotropic effects in mammals. It is expressed in a wide variety of tissues, but unexpectedly is not detected in the circulation under normal circumstances, possibly caused by its attaching to soluble and tethered forms of a high-affinity binding protein. STC-1 can affect calcium homeostasis, bone and muscle mass and structure, and angiogenesis through effects on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, myoblasts/myocytes, and endothelial cells in mouse model. Differential regulation of myocardial STC1 protein expression was reported in heart failure. STC1 may regulate calcium currents in cardiomyocytes and may contribute to the alterations in calcium homeostasis of the failing heart. STC1 was found to be a selective modulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced endothelial migration and morphogenesis, an inhibitor of macrophage chemotaxis and chemokinesis, suppressor of progesterone and luteinization inhibitor. In terminally differentiated adipocytes, it may function as a survival factor, which contributes to the maintenance of the integrity of mature adipose tissue. STC1 was identified as one of hypoxia-responsive genes coupled to hypoxia-driven angiogenesis. STC1 is a useful molecular marker to detect tumor cells in blood and bone marrow from patients with various types of malignancies.