STAT proteins (Signal Transduction and Activators of Transcription) are latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that have the dual function of signal transduction and activation of transcription. STATs are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to different ligands, after which they translocate to the cell nucleus. The N-terminal region is highly homologous among the STAT proteins and surrounds a completely conserved arginine residue. STATs are a part of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway – a major pathway of the immune system. All cytokines transduce critical signals through this pathway. STAT 1, is activated by a number of different ligands, including IFNalpha, IFNgamma, EGF, PDGF and IL-6. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 701 is required for STAT 1 dissociation from IFNGR1, homodimerization, and nuclear translocation. Tyrosine 701 phosphorylation impairment results in loss of STAT 1 functions.
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