Most mammalian cells transport glucose through a family of membrane proteins known as glucose transporters. Molecular cloning of these glucose transporters has identified a family of closely related genes that encodes at least 7 proteins (GLUT 1 to GLUT 7, MW 40-60kD) and Sodium glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT-1, 662aa; ~75kD). Individual members of this family have identical predicted secondary structures with 12 transmembrane domains. Both N- and C-termini are predicted to be cytoplasmic. Most differences in sequence homology exist within the four hydrophilic domains that may play a role in tissue-specific targeting. GLUT isoforms differ in their tissue expression, substrate specificity and kinetic characteristics. GLUT 1 mediates glucose transport into red cells, and throughout the blood brain barrier, and supply glucose to most cells. GLUT 2 provides glucose to the liver and pancreatic cells. GLUT 3 is the main transporter in neurons, whereas GLUT 4 is primarily expressed in muscle and adipose tissue and regulated by insulin.
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