Cytokines and growth factors bind to specific cellular receptors that induce differential phosphorylation and activation of proteins called STATs (for Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription). STAT3 is phosphorylated on a tyrosine residue after treatment of cells with Epidermal Growth Factor and Interleukin-6. It is not phosphorylated after treatment of cells with Interferon gamma. Phosphorylated STAT3 can either form homodimers with itself or heterodimers with STAT1 alpha. These complexes can bind to specific sequences in nuclear DNA and likely modulate gene transcription.
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